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Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books

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Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books

by Azar Nafisi

Random House Publishing Group | December 30, 2003 | Trade Paperback

Every Thursday morning for two years in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a bold and inspired teacher named Azar Nafisi secretly gathered seven of her most committed female students to read forbidden Western classics. As Islamic morality squads staged arbitrary raids in Tehran, fundamentalists seized hold of the universities, and a blind censor stifled artistic expression, the girls in Azar Nafisi's living room risked removing their veils and immersed themselves in the worlds of Jane Austen, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Henry James, and Vladimir Nabokov. In this extraordinary memoir, their stories become intertwined with the ones they are reading. Reading Lolita in Tehran is a remarkable exploration of resilience in the face of tyranny and a celebration of the liberating power of literature.

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    I read this book shortly after finishing _Reading Legitimation Crisis in Tehran_ by Danny Postel. Reading Legitimation Crisis is a spirited work dealing with recent trends in Iranian philosophy and political theory and philosophy in the west. It was named after Nafisi's best selling _Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books_ which I picked up shortly after finishing Postel's collection of essays.

    Reading Lolita is an easy and beautifully written narrative. It is a memoir not only of books but also of friendship and struggle in post-revolutionary Iran. Nafisi's personal story speaks of her life in Tehran as entwined and adorned with and through the novels of Vladimir Nabokov, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Henry James, and Jane Austen (to name a few). It is a memoir about reading, family, and friends as well as being a commentary on political, religious, and social life. Any reader of the novelists discussed will likely find Nafisi's memoir to be of great interest.

    In the introductory pages of her memoir, Nafisi writes: "Life in the Islamic Republic was as capricious as the month of April, when shot periods of sunshine would suddenly give way to showers and storms. It was unpredictable: the regime would go through cycles of some tolerance, followed by a crackdown" (9). This is followed by a discussion of Nabokov's _Invitation to a Beheading_, a novel depicting a totalitarian regime where people live in an atmosphere of perpetual dread. "Those of us living in the Islamic Republic of Iran grasped both the tragedy and absurdity of the cruelty to which we were subjected" (23).

    As has often been remarked as is not difficult to anticipate, the women in Nafisi's reading group make these novels their own by reading them through their everyday experiences. As a western reader, this offers new and fresh insight into these canonical texts.

    In addition to creating a number of portraits of well known novels, allowing us to see and read these works with new eyes, Nafisi is also able to convey how the world of literature allows us to imaginatively create private worlds protecting us from the nightmarish qualities of a public realm that is difficult to endure: the fundamentalist regime, the periodic detainments and harassments by roving bands of teenage morality police, the war with Iraq, the veil and gender apartheid, anti-intellectualism . . . This private realm is identified as a second world, a place of fantasy, that is in part created when her reading group comes together.

    While there are dozens of entry points into this memoir, one particular aspect of Nafisi's reflections that stood out to me was her case for the democratic quality of novels. Insofar as the novel preserves and carries multiple voices and a plurality of perspectives, readers will inevitably find themselves engaged in imaginary acts of reciprocity. Perhaps this is one of the reasons why people burn or ban books: literature challenges us to think outside of ourselves, forcing us to confront different perspectives, both savory and unsavory. This de-centering of the self is a learning process. As Nafisi observes, novels sometimes contradict our cherished expectations and in this respect are often difficult to read.

    For instance, using The Great Gatsby in a class on American literature at the University of Allameh Tabatabai, Nafisi shows us that the novel cannot be understood without accepting a degree of ambiguity. It is the ambiguity of novels and their indecision about right and wrong that gives them their democratic strength and vitality. That novels refrain from clichéd moralism is often an anathema to religious orthodoxies, as demonstrated time and time again by militant students who openly challenged the use of Gatsby in the classes she was teaching.

    All in all this is a fascinating autobiographical account written by an intellectual who is deeply in love with literature.

    Comments on this review:
    Lesley Carol Prince

    What a well-written, provocative review! Most helpful to a potential reader of the book and provocative for those who have read it.

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    Rating: 5/5

    Touching story of reality

    Julia Marsh

    4 years ago

    I loved this book and had a hard time putting it down.

    I think it showed the side of Islam that the media does not share, that there are innocent people that believe in good that are being extorted by evil on a grand scale. Everyone should read this book and allow themselves to see the other side of the coin.

    Nafisi did such a good job of comparing the great western novels to her society that it provoked me to make a list of books mentioned and start to read them as well. I am now reading both the Great Gatsby and Lolita.

    I'm so glad that she wrote this novel and even more glad that I've read it.

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    I wanted to like this book but I couldn't. She often takes a long time to get to a point and I found it such a burden to get through. She write in great detail about all the books and if you've never read Lolita or the Great Gatsby or Daisy Miller, etc.- BEWARE. I felt she was writing and giving us a dissertation on the work. It's long, often pretentious, boring and seemed never ending. Parts of what she writes about on life in Iran during the revolution were interesting but not enough to keep the book going for me.

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    Kathy

    Rating: 5/5

    Reading Lolita

    Kathy

    8 years ago

    This book was amazing. I could not put it down. This book is a must read for anyone studying womens issues or studying western literature.

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Details

From the Publisher

Every Thursday morning for two years in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a bold and inspired teacher named Azar Nafisi secretly gathered seven of her most committed female students to read forbidden Western classics. As Islamic morality squads staged arbitrary raids in Tehran, fundamentalists seized hold of the universities, and a blind censor stifled artistic expression, the girls in Azar Nafisi's living room risked removing their veils and immersed themselves in the worlds of Jane Austen, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Henry James, and Vladimir Nabokov. In this extraordinary memoir, their stories become intertwined with the ones they are reading. Reading Lolita in Tehran is a remarkable exploration of resilience in the face of tyranny and a celebration of the liberating power of literature.

From the Jacket

Every Thursday morning for two years in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a bold and inspired teacher named Azar Nafisi secretly gathered seven of her most committed female students to read forbidden Western classics. As Islamic morality squads staged arbitrary raids in Tehran, fundamentalists seized hold of the universities, and a blind censor stifled artistic expression, the girls in Azar Nafisi's living room risked removing their veils and immersed themselves in the worlds of Jane Austen, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Henry James, and Vladimir Nabokov. In this extraordinary memoir, their stories become intertwined with the ones they are reading. Reading Lolita in Tehran is a remarkable exploration of resilience in the face of tyranny and a celebration of the liberating power of literature.

About the Author

Azar Nafisi is a professor at Johns Hopkins University. She won a fellowship from Oxford and taught English literature at the University of Tehran, the Free Islamic University and Allameh Tabatabai University in Iran. She was expelled from the University of Tehran for refusing to wear the veil and left Iran for America in 1997. She has written for The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and The New Republic, and is the author of Anti-Terra: A Critical Study of Vladimir Nabokov's Novels. She lives in Washington, D.C., with her husband and two children.

Bookclub Guide

1. On her first day teaching at the University of Tehran, Azar Nafisi began class with the questions, "What should fiction accomplish? Why should anyone read at all?" What are your own answers? How does fiction force us to question what we often take for granted?

2. Yassi adores playing with words, particularly with Nabokov's fanciful linguistic creation upsilamba (18). What does the word upsilamba mean to you?

3. In what ways had Ayatollah Khomeini "turned himself into a myth" for the people of Iran (246)? Also, discuss the recurrent theme of complicity in the book: that the Ayatollah, the stern philosopher-king, "did to us what we allowed him to do" (28).

4. Compare attitudes toward the veil held by men, women and the government in the Islamic Republic of Iran. How was Nafisi's grandmother's choice to wear the chador marred by the political significance it had gained? (192) Also, describe Mahshid's conflicted feelings as a Muslim who already observed the veil but who nevertheless objected to its political enforcement.

5. In discussing the frame story of A Thousand and One Nights, Nafisi mentions three types of women who fell victim to the king's "unreasonable rule" (19). How relevant are the actions and decisions of these fictional women to the lives of the women in Nafisi's private class?

6. Explain what Nafisi means when she calls herself and her beliefs increasingly "irrelevant" in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Compare her way of dealing with her irrelevance to her magician's self-imposed exile. What do people who "lose their place in the world" do to survive, both physically and creatively?

7. During the Gatsby trial Zarrin charges Mr. Nyazi with the inability to "distinguish fiction from reality" (128). How does Mr. Nyazi's conflation of the fictional and the real relate to theme of the blind censor? Describe similar instances within a democracy like the United States when art was censored for its "dangerous" impact upon society.

8. Nafisi writes: "It was not until I had reached home that I realized the true meaning of exile" (145). How do her conceptions of home conflict with those of her husband, Bijan, who is reluctant to leave Tehran? Also, compare Mahshid's feeling that she "owes" something to Tehran and belongs there to Mitra and Nassrin's desires for freedom and escape. Discuss how the changing and often discordant influences of memory, family, safety, freedom, opportunity and duty define our sense of home and belonging.

9. Fanatics like Mr. Ghomi, Mr. Nyazi and Mr. Bahri consistently surprised Azar by displaying absolute hatred for Western literature - a reaction she describes as a "venom uncalled for in relation to works of fiction." (195) What are their motivations? Do you, like Nafisi, think that people like Mr. Ghomi attack because they are afraid of what they don't understand? Why is ambiguity such a dangerous weapon to them?

10. The confiscation of one's life by another is the root of Humbert's sin against Lolita. How did Khomeini become Iran's solipsizer? Discuss how Sanaz, Nassrin, Azin and the rest of the girls are part of a "generation with no past." (76)

11. Nafisi teaches that the novel is a sensual experience of another world which appeals to the reader's capacity for compassion. Do you agree that "empathy is at the heart of the novel"? How has this book affected your understanding of the impact of the novel?




From the Hardcover edition.

Trade Paperback

384 Pages, 5.16 x 8 x 0.78 IN

December 30, 2003

Random House Publishing Group

English


081297106X
9780812971064

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From the Critics

"Anyone who has ever belonged to a book group must read this book. Azar Nafisi takes us into the vivid lives of eight women who must meet in secret to explore the forbidden fiction of the West. It is at once a celebration of the power of the novel and a cry of outrage at the reality in
which these women are trapped. The ayatollahs don' t know it, but Nafisi is one of the heroes of the Islamic Republic."
-Geraldine Brooks, author of Nine Parts of Desire

"I was enthralled and moved by Azar Nafisi's account of how she defied, and helped others to defy, radical Islam's war against women. Her memoir contains important and properly complex reflections about the ravages of theocracy, about thoughtfulness, and about the ordeals of freedom-as well as a stirring account of the pleasures and deepening of consciousness that result from an encounter with great literature and with an inspired teacher."
-Susan Sontag

"When I first saw Azar Nafisi teach, she was standing in a university classroom in Tehran, holding a bunch of red fake poppies in one hand and a bouquet of daffodils in the other, and asking, "What is kitsch?" Now, mesmerizingly, she reveals the shimmering worlds she created in those classrooms,
inside a revolution that was an apogee of kitsch and cruelty. Here, people think for themselves because James and Fitzgerald and Nabokov sing out against authoritarianism and repression. You will be taken inside a culture, and on a journey, that you will never forget."
-Jacki Lyden, National Public Radio, author of Daughter of the Queen of Sheba

"A memoir about teaching Western literature in revolutionary Iran, with profound and fascinating insights into both. A masterpiece."
-Bernard Lewis, author of The Crisis of Islam?

"[A] vividly braided memoir...anguished and glorious."
-Cynthia Ozick, The New Republic

"Stunning...a literary life raft on Iran's fundamentalist sea...All readers should read it."
-Margaret Atwood

"Remarkable...an eloquent brief on the transformative power of fiction."
-The New York Times

"Certain books by our most talented essayists...carry inside their covers the heat and struggle of a life's central choice being made and the price being paid, while the writer tells us about other matters, and leaves behind a path of sadness and sparkling loss. Reading Lolita in Tehran is such a book."
-Mona Simpson, The Atlantic Monthly

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